TIDAL excursion is an important parameter that indicates hydraulic and mixing characteristics of estuarine environments. Prediction of the TIDAL excursion length provides a proper tool for environmental management of estuaries. In this study, the governing equations of the salinity transport were scaled first to recognize the effective dimensionless parameters of TIDAL excursion length. Then, a laterally averaged two-dimensional numerical model called CE-QUAL-W2 was used as a virtual laboratory to simulate the salinity intrusion length. Existing field data of Limpopo estuary, as a case study, was used for calibration and verification of the model and reasonable agreement was observed between the model results and the field data. Finally, the verified model was used to assess the influences of the governing parameters. The results showed that simple power functions can be used to describe the effects of dimensionless parameters obtained by scaling of the governing equations. As a result, a new formula in form of a power function was derived to predict the TIDAL excursion length based on the geometric and hydrodynamic characteristics of alluvial estuaries. Comparison of the computed TIDAL excursion lengths using the derived formula with the observed measurements in several estuaries showed the robustness of the developed formula.

Background: The aim of this study was to prevent of increasing end-TIDAL carbon dioxide (ETCO2) with changing of vital capacity and respiratory rate when using of birthing filter in infants. Materials and Methods: In a randomized clinical trial study, ninety-four infant’ patients were studied in three groups. Basic values, such as peak inspiratory pressure, TIDAL volume, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, and partial pressure of ET CO2 (PETCO2) level had been evaluated after intubation, 10 min after intubation and 10 min after filter insertion. In the first group, patients only observed for changing in ETCO2 level. In the second and the third groups, respiratory rates and TIDAL volume had been increased retrospectively, until that ETCO2 ≤35 mmHg was received. We used ANOVA, Chi-square, and descriptive tests for data analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: TIDAL volume 10 min after filter insertion was statistically higher in Group 3 (145.0 ± 26.3 ml) versus 129.3 ± 38.9 ml in Group 1 and 118.7 ± 20.8 ml in Group 2 (P=0.02). Furthermore, respiratory rate at this time was statistically higher in Group 2 (25.82 ± 0.43) versus Groups 1 and 3 (21.05 ± 0.20 ml and 21.02 ± 0.60 ml, respectively) (P=0.001). Minute volume and PETCO2 level were statistically significant between Group 1 and the other two groups after filter insertion (P=0.01 and P=0.00, 1 respectively).Conclusion: With changing the vital capacity and respiratory rate we can control PETCO2 level ≤35 mmHg during using of birthing filters in infants. We recommend this instrument during anesthesia of infants.

Collecting information on suspended sediments concentration (SSC) in coastal waters and estuaries is vital for proper management of coastal environments. Traditionally, SSC used to be measured by time consuming and costly point measurements. This method allows the accurate measurement of SSC only for a point in space and time. Remote sensing from air-borne and space-borne sensors have proved to be a useful method for such studies as it provides an instantaneous and synoptic view of sediments that would otherwise be unavailable. The reason for success of remote sensing in such surveys is the strong positive relationship that exists between SSC and remotely sensed spectral radiance. This spectral radiance could be in the sun reflected and/or scattered or thermal terrestrial wavelength band. To find an algorithm relating SSC to spectral radiance over Bahmansheer River estuary at the North-West of Persian Gulf, a three-month field measurement (April to June 2003) was conducted while we had MODIS sensor on board of Terra over-passed the scene simultaneously. Ninety samples in fifteen trips were collected. Also the environmental parameters such as atmospheric visibility, air and water temperature, current direction and speed at the sampling point, wind speed and humidity were measured simultaneously. A close correlation between tide and SSC was observed. It is found that in the flood, the width of the turbid area at the estuary decreases while in the ebb, the suspended sediment distribution extends to the deeper region. Change detection by comparison between a base image of high tide/low tide conditions and any image could be used as a tool for detection of TIDAL conditions. This would be a powerful tool for monitoring erosion at the coastal area and estuaries.

Background: End-TIDAL carbon dioxide (EtCO2) can approximate the arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in children without underlying congenital heart defects. However, EtCO2may underestimate PaCO2in these children, especially during repair procedures. The PaCO2to EtCO2difference (Δ PaCO2-EtCO2) may be significant in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and can be notably influenced by surgical procedures. Postoperatively, the Δ PaCO2-EtCO2might not remain consistent,thus, arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis may need to be repeated regardless of capnography findings. This hypothesis was tested in our study on children with cyanotic and acyanotic heart defects undergoing corrective surgeries. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, hospital records of all children under 12 years of age with ASA II-III and cyanotic or acyanotic heart defects who were candidates for elective angiography were reviewed. EtCO2was measured by lateral aspiration capnography. Simultaneous measurements of EtCO2and PaCO2were collected before and after the intervention. Results: Significant CHANGES were observed in serum HCO3concentration and the PaO2/FiO2ratio, both of which significantly decreased after the repair surgery. However, the change in Δ PaCO2-EtCO2remained insignificant postoperatively. In the cyanotic group, in addition to a significant reduction in serum HCO3value and an increase in the PaO2/FiO2ratio after the intervention, we found a significant decrease in Δ PaCO2-EtCO2. Conclusion: Arterial blood gas analysis during repair surgery should be repeated in the cyanotic congenital heart defects group due to the intraoperative variability of Δ PaCO2-EtCO2, but not in the acyanotic heart defects group due to the stability of this difference. Therefore, EtCO2assessed by capnography can estimate PaCO2in children with acyanotic heart defects, but not in those with cyanotic heart defects

Inlets play an important role in controlling sediment movement and its distribution in coastal areas. Therefore, recognizing effective factors in the hydro-dynamicity of inlets known as transmission process and determining the geometry and formation of inlets are of paramount importance. The undulations of water and TIDAL waves are among the major factors shaping an inlet. The purpose of this study is to find out how these two factors could interactively affect the sediment. To this end, a coastal basin that is connected to the open sea through a mouth is simulated in Mike 21.3 software. For this simulation, a 10*50 meter un-structured triangular flexible mesh in a finite difference model at two seconds intervals was used; undulations and TIDAL waves were sent to the mouth of the inlet simultaneously. By simulation, the morphology of the inlet CHANGES in a way that with the passage of time reaches equilibrium, hence, there would be an ideal inlet. Also, by means of characteristic non-dimensionalHw/Ht, the dominant parameter in the inlet can be determined in the inlet. For calculation of morphological CHANGES in inlet of estuary, first TIDAL fluctuations as a single parameter and then wave parameter separately considered, then two parameters together considered, the results show that for two cases, the morphological CHANGES are the same.

TIDAL basins have been formulated by some empirical relations based on field observations. Although empirical relations explain some morphological patterns، they are not applicable to all conditions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of morphological parameters on TIDAL basin equilibrium by setting up a numerical lab for the case of Musa TIDAL Basin (MTB). In order to assess the morphology pattern which is affected by parameter values and to reduce the computational cost of long-term models، efficient scenarios are designed optimize the number of runs. Then the responses are analysed by statistical approaches to define comprehensive effects of those parameters on the simulated morphological equilibrium. This methodology improves the long-term results in different conditions، which is confirmed by the comparison of the output and measured data.

The Arvand River forms the border between Iran and Iraq and is the only permanent river discharging into the Persian Gulf(PG). It is a TIDAL river adversely affected by sedimentation,which is more likely resulted from TIDAL asymmetry. The TIDAL barrier(TB) has remarkable effects on the TIDAL regime. To assess these effects on the TIDAL waves asymmetry,it is critical to study the two main factors of closure percentage(CP) and closure duration(CD). This manuscript aims to investigate the TIDAL barrier effect on the asymmetry of the TIDAL waves propagating through the estuary. To evaluate TIDAL asymmetry,TIDAL Asymmetry Index(TAI) is introduced based on the relative phase angle of the M2 and M4 components through the river. A two-dimensional Delft3D hydrodynamic model is utilized. The TIDAL wave is flood dominant, and its relative phase angle increased slightly, from 90 to 135 degrees in Km 40 and then decreased to just under 90 degrees near the Abadan(65km) and constant along the Abadan to Khorramshahr. The TIDAL barrier has changed the TIDAL regime in the river which leads to relatively constant TIDAL asymmetry during the 45km upward. To reach the highest TAI, a closure percentage and duration of 55% and 180 minutes are estimated. The TIDAL barrier operation also adversely affects the amplitude of the M2 and M4 components. M4 component amplitude increases before reaching the TB and then decreases. The decrease is more elaborated from kilometer 45 onward. Increasing the closure percentage amplifies the CHANGES described above,but it has little effect on the general trends.